Conflicting safety data. Some animal studies show carcinogenicity (liver, lung tumours in rodents at high doses). Endocrine disruption potential. Avoid in supplements targeting children or pregnant women. Australia and some EU member states have restricted specific applications.
Synthetic phenolic antioxidant (E321) used in supplement capsules, fats, and packaging. Carcinogenic in some animal studies (liver, lung). Endocrine disruption potential. Contradictory data — some studies suggest anticarcinogenic effects. EWG assigns concern rating. Under review by EFSA.
Acts on cellular signalling pathways relevant to the documented clinical indications. Contains bioactive compounds with enzyme-modulating, receptor-binding, or antioxidant properties studied in peer-reviewed literature.
| Population | Safety rating | Max safe dose |
|---|---|---|
| General | Possibly unsafe | — |
| Pregnancy | Possibly unsafe | — |
| Elderly | Possibly unsafe | — |
No peer-reviewed clinical trial data found for this ingredient.
Data by supplement.ge — Public Health Institute of Georgia (PHIG)