class="wp-theme-Newspaper supp-body td-standard-pack global-block-template-1 tdc-header-template tdc-footer-template td-animation-stack-type0 td-full-layout"
TMAO conversion: choline is major TMAO precursor — gut bacteria convert to TMAO associated with cardiovascular risk at high doses (>500mg/day from supplements). Fishy body odour (trimethylaminuria): choline supplements worsen TMAO-related fish odour syndrome. GI effects at high doses. UL: 3500mg/day adults.
Essential nutrient for membrane synthesis, methylation, and acetylcholine production. Most people inadequately supply from diet. AI: 425-550mg/day.
Acts on cellular signalling pathways relevant to the documented clinical indications. Contains bioactive compounds with enzyme-modulating, receptor-binding, or antioxidant properties studied in peer-reviewed literature.
| Population | Safety rating | Max safe dose |
|---|---|---|
| General | Possibly safe | — |
| Pregnancy | Possibly safe | — |
| Elderly | Possibly safe | — |
No peer-reviewed clinical trial data found for this ingredient.
Data by supplement.ge — Public Health Institute of Georgia (PHIG)