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At food additive quantities: very safe. At pharmacological doses (dimethyl fumarate for MS/psoriasis): flushing, GI effects, lymphopenia, PML risk. Distinction important: fumaric acid in food additives vs medicinal fumaric acid esters.
Dicarboxylic acid naturally present in fumarewort and fungi. Used as acidulant and leavening agent. E297. Also the active ingredient in Fumaderm (dimethyl fumarate) for multiple sclerosis and psoriasis — but at very different pharmacological doses.
Acts on cellular signalling pathways relevant to the documented clinical indications. Contains bioactive compounds with enzyme-modulating, receptor-binding, or antioxidant properties studied in peer-reviewed literature.
| Population | Safety rating | Max safe dose |
|---|---|---|
| General | Possibly safe | — |
| Pregnancy | Possibly safe | — |
| Elderly | Possibly safe | — |
No peer-reviewed clinical trial data found for this ingredient.
Data by supplement.ge — Public Health Institute of Georgia (PHIG)